Parasites in Dogs and Cats

Intestinal parasites in dogs and cats are one of the most common issues that pet owners have to deal with. But, unpleasant as it may seem, pet owners should be aware of worms and other parasites that can affect their animals’ health. Cats and dogs are the favorite nesting grounds of four principal groups of worms and a few species of microscopic protozoa. The four worms are roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and whipworms. Among the protozoa are coccidia, toxoplasma, giardia, and ameba.

Proper identification is vital. Unfortunately, in the case of parasites, identification isn’t always easy because adult worms release their eggs sporadically. Knowing exactly what the problem is, is the first step in finding a solution.

It’s very important to bring your pet’s fecal sample (bowel movement) to your veterinarian as often as requested up to one year of age. Collect fresh fecal sample within 12 hours of an examination. It is also very important to keep the samples cool or refrigerated. A microscopic examination of the fecal sample will be performed to identify the worm’s eggs.

An annual fecal check is also good preventive medicine.

Treatment begins once the specific parasites are identified. It’s important to realize that different parasites will require different medications. Your veterinarian can administer the proper treatment for your pet. There are also some new preventive medicines on the market. Check with your veterinarian about whether these are appropriate for your pet.

Tapeworms are of special concern. Tapeworm segments resemble small pieces of rice. They are one of the few parasites that may be seen in a bowel movement or clinging to the hair near your pet’s tail. If you notice these segments, carefully place them in a small container and take them to your veterinarian for positive identification along with a fecal sample. Several types of worms may be involved, and it is important to identify all of them for proper treatment.

Once identification is made, the proper deworming medication must be administered. With some intestinal worms, treatment of the environment also may be needed. Most treatments take only a few days. However, periodic checking is necessary to be sure that all intestinal worms have been eliminated. A fecal sample should be reexamined about three to four weeks after the deworming. Your veterinarian may request an additional fecal sample at a later date.

Once the problem is treated, it makes sense to prevent reinfection. Bowel movements are the greatest source of most worms. To avoid worms, keep your pet away from areas where other animals have relieved themselves and dispose of bowel movements as quickly as possible in your own yard.

Under some conditions of poor hygiene, worms can be transmitted to humans. Discuss the risk of human exposure with your veterinarian.

A change in appetite, coughing, diarrhea (sometimes with blood), weight loss, a rough-dry coat, or just an overall poor appearance are symptoms caused by intestinal worms. If you suspect the presence of parasites, consult your veterinarian immediately. Sometimes healthy, well-fed pets do not show signs of intestinal parasites.

Always seek veterinary advice before deworming your pet.

Pet Skin Problems – Common Pet Skin Conditions

Skin problems for dogs and cats are very commonplace due to our furry friend’s poor diets.  Kibble and cat food don’t usually have enough nutrients and healthy oils for your pets skin and fur.  It is important to understand that the skin is an organ, just as the liver and kidneys are organs.

The skin functions as a barrier to protect the body from infection, caustic substances, ultra violet light and dehydration.  Good health and proper function of the skin is dependent on the health and function of the other organs that make up our pets’ bodies.

Diseases that affect the skin can be placed into one of two categories, primary and secondary skin disease.  Primary skin diseases are those that affect the skin directly, such as mange or flea and tick hypersensitivities.  Secondary diseases are those that initially involve other organs, and thereby affect the skin, such as hypothyroidism.

The diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases can be difficult and time consuming. The following are some of the common diseases and conditions affecting the skin.  A brief description of their diagnosis and treatments is provided.

Common Diseases and Conditions Affecting the Skin

Allergies

Humans with allergies usually react by sneezing, but your pet reacts by scratching. Both you and your pet are reacting to an allergen, which is a substance that causes sensitivity. Most allergens are inhaled, but a few are the contact type, such as an allergy to wool.

Some allergens are found in food, most commonly corn, wheat, soy, beef and dairy products. The first signs of allergic reactions are scratching, licking, biting or rubbing the skin. This can lead to infection characterized by red bumps and pimples. Because of the discomfort, it is important to get professional help as soon as possible.

Bacterial Infection

A bacterial infection is common, but is usually secondary to another underlying disease such as an allergy. Treatment for bacterial infections may include antibiotics— either given orally or topically. It is important to seek professional help to treat the bacterial infection while searching for the underlying disease.

Hot Spots or Acute Moist Dermatitis

Hot spots are usually a result of self-trauma and occur as your pet tries to relieve itself from some pain or itch. Treatment includes thorough cleaning, topical and systemic antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory agents.

Pyoderma

Pyodermas include a wide range of infections that result in the formation of pus. Pyodermas vary in severity. Treatment is similar to that for hot spots, but typically is longer-term. Shampoos and rinses are also helpful.

Atopy or Allergic Inhalant Dermatitis

Atopy is a very itchy skin disease that is the result of allergies to microscopic particles in the air.  Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and absence of other causes such as ectoparasites.

Treatment includes dietary supplements, antihistamines and steroids and is often long term.  In refractory cases, skin allergin testing and hyposensitization may be helpful.  Shampoos and rinses are also often helpful.

Ectoparasites (external parasites)

External parasites include mites, fleas and ticks. These parasites break the barrier formed by the skin and allow bacterial infections to occur. They also may lead to allergic conditions. Diagnosis is achieved with gross observation and microscopic examination of skin scrapings.  Treatment depends on the parasites present and includes anti-parasitic drugs and anti-parasitic shampoos and rinses.

Fungal Infections: These include Malassezia sp., Dermatophytosis (Ring Worm) and Dermal Coccidioidomycosis. Diagnosis is achieved via culture of the organisms, microscopic examination of skin scrapings, and blood tests that identify antibodies for Coccidioides immitis. Treatment includes topical and systemic anti-fungal drugs and anti-fungal shampoos and rinses.

Food allergies

Food allergies often manifest themselves as skin problems. Food allergies are usually diagnosed by ruling out other possible conditions. Treatment is trial feeding of hypoallergenic diets for a minimum of six weeks.

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Contact allergies are diagnosed based on history of contact and clinical presentation. Treatment involves washing the exposed areas to remove the irritant. Patients experiencing itching are given steroids for a short period of time. It is important to prevent re-exposure.

Autoimmune Skin Diseases

There are several autoimmune skin diseases, and the foundation of diagnosis is surgical biopsy. Treatment includes combinations of dietary supplementation, steroids and immune modulation drugs.

Secondary Skin Disease

Secondary skin diseases, such as hypothyroidism, are diagnosed via clinical testing for the underlying disease.  Diagnosis often requires blood tests, biopsies and X-rays.  Treatment of the underlying condition usually results in improvement of the skin problems.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Your pet’s skin problems often combine two or more of the previously mentioned diseases.  For example, flea infestation hypersensitivity can lead to pyoderma.  Because of the complicated interactions between the skin and other organs within the body, and due to skin’s varied response to insult, diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases may be difficult and time consuming.

The skin scrape is the mainstay of diagnoses.  Several small areas of your pets skin are shaved to remove hair.  A scalpel blade is used to scrape up the top layers of skin.  The resulting material is viewed under a high-powered microscope.  In addition to skin scrapes, blood tests and surgical biopsies are necessary to diagnose some skin diseases.

Treatment of skin disease may include steroids, antibiotics, antihistamines, topical drugs, anti-fungal drugs, shampoos and rinses, dietary supplementation, or modification and surgical removal of masses. In some cases, therapy must be continued for months, and even for life.

If your pet is healthy according to the vet, but in general has dry itchy skin and coat.  You can naturally improve your dog and cats dry skin and coat by supplementing omega 3 6 9 oils into their diet.  Click Here to view Omega 369 for pets.

(Information provided by Dr. Brett Hinsch, Animal Health Hospital.)